@article { author = {Rahimi, Nastaran and Alinezhad Chamazketi, Mohammad and Yaghoubi Nezhad, Amir and Talaeizadeh, Forough}, title = {Optimization of Streptokinase Mutant Protein Purification Method using Affinity Chromatography Technique}, journal = {Chemical Methodologies}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {671-678}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2645-7776}, eissn = {2588-4344}, doi = {10.22034/chemm.2020.110603}, abstract = {Protein purification has always been one of the most critical and challenging stages of drug-protein production. Streptokinase as the most common cost-effective fibrinolytic drug is no exception. In this research study, the mutated streptokinase producing clone (SK263cyc) to which the histidine tag was grown in TY2x medium, and SDS-PAGE assessed protein expression after induction of protein expression. Three different methods did protein purification. In the first one, metal, ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) technique was used. In the second solution, first, by filtration with ammonium sulfate, the purification was carried out, and then by affinity purification, chromatography continued. In the third solution, hydrophobic chromatography was utilized to purify the streptokinase protein. The purity of the ophthalmic purity was 93.2%, and the purity of hydrophobic purity was found to be 90.4%, whereas the combination of pre-treatment with ammonium sulfate and the purity of the ophthalmic method did not achieve more than 88%. The results of this study revealed that, the IMAC method is more suitable as a final method at the process of streptokinase purification than the other two approaches.}, keywords = {Streptokinase,Recombinant protein,Affinity chromatography,Hydrophobic gel purification,Ammonium sulphate}, url = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_110603.html}, eprint = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_110603_f689bd3c4bdd877b2e2149ba314edb28.pdf} } @article { author = {Behmaneshfar, Ali and Sadrnia, Abdolhossein and Karimi-Maleha, Hassan}, title = {Application Of Box–Behnken Experimental Design for Optimizing the Performance of Reduced Graphene/Fe3O4 Nano Adsorbent for Removal of Raloxifene Anticancer Drug}, journal = {Chemical Methodologies}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {679-694}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2645-7776}, eissn = {2588-4344}, doi = {10.22034/chemm.2020.111201}, abstract = {Application of statistical techniques, in particular various design of experiments (DOE) methods in designing optimal approaches for the removal of various pollutants, is gaining the attention of researchers.As an example, the removal of raloxifene (RF), which is an anticancer drug with many side effects and harmful effects to human body, from wastewaters is very important and reported in this study for the first time. In this research, the Box–behnken experimental design technique was used for optimizing the removal conditions of RF using a reduced graphene/Fe3O4 nanocomposite (RG/Fe3O4NC) as an adsorbent. At the determined optimal conditions (pH=7.3; temperature 29.25 °C, removal time 15 min and adsorbent weight 0.01 g), a removal efficiency (R%) of around 100% was observed. The sorbent (RG/Fe3O4NC) was synthesized through chemical precipitation and characterized by XRD, EDAX, MAP and FESEM methods. The spherical Fe3O4NC particles could be observed at the surface of reduced graphene sheet with a diameter of d3O4NC as a new adsorbent for RF.}, keywords = {Box–Behnken experimental design,reduced graphene/Fe3O4 nanocomposite,Design of experiments,Raloxifene,Anticancer}, url = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_111201.html}, eprint = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_111201_08c7800091dc6613a0df5257b1ce761b.pdf} } @article { author = {Soltantabar Shahabedini, Atie and AlinezhadChamazketi, Mohammad and Yaghoubi Nezhad, Amir and Riahi, Ahmad}, title = {Spectrophotometric Measurement of Fluoxetine in Drug Formulation after Cloud Point Extraction}, journal = {Chemical Methodologies}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {695-706}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2645-7776}, eissn = {2588-4344}, doi = {10.22034/chemm.2020.112890}, abstract = {In this research study, Cloud point extraction is a powerful technique for preconcentration and separation of the fluoxetine in pharmaceutical formulation before its measurement by spectrophotometry (UV-vis). The fluoxetine was first reacted with NQS (1,2-naphthacinone-4-sulfonate) in an alkaline medium and the color product was extracted and preconcentrated using the triton X-114 surfactant. The effective parameters including, the solution pH, reagent concentration, surfactant concentration, temperature and reaction time were optimized to improve the extraction of the proposed method. In optimum conditions, a linear range of 50 to 1000 ng/L was obtained with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998 and a limit of detection of 30 ng/L. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was calculated as 1.35% for five repeated measurements of concentration of 500 ng/L of fluoxetine. The concentration factor was obtained 10 and enhancement factor was found to be 4.05. The proposed method was successfully used for pre-concentration and measurement of fluoxetine in pharmaceutical formulation. The advantages of this method are the simple performance, high speed and low cost, which are easily applicable in quality control and clinical laboratories and would be a proper alternative to expensive methods such as chromatography.}, keywords = {fluoxetine,Cloud point extraction,Preconcentration,separate,Pharmaceutical formulation}, url = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_112890.html}, eprint = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_112890_e84bad43bc7e753f4bdc6657cccc4b13.pdf} } @article { author = {Thakare, Sanjay R and Pal, Mangala R}, title = {Hydrothermal Synthesis of Poly (Aniline-co-Sulphanilic Acid) Copolymer with Highly Improved Electrical Conductivity and Ion Exchange Properties}, journal = {Chemical Methodologies}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {707-719}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2645-7776}, eissn = {2588-4344}, doi = {10.22034/chemm.2020.113055}, abstract = {Facile and fast hydrothermal copolymer synthesis of aniline and sulphanilic acid was studied at the presence of ammonium persulphate as an oxidising agent for polymerisation reaction of 1:1 mole ratios of aniline to sulphanilic acid. Physiochemical properties of poly (An-co-SA) copolymer micro particles were scientifically analyse using numerous key techniques. The toxic metal ions spontaneous subtraction efficiency of the poly (An-co-SA) copolymer micro particles was optimized. Results recommended that, the properly controlling the polymerization under the hydrothermal method was a simple but helpful way to significantly improve the conductivity of the copolymers of aniline and sulphanilic acid monomer copolymerized. The poly (An-co-SA) copolymer micro particles could be very appropriate to exclusion and revitalization of metal ions which was toxic to environment from wastewater.}, keywords = {Conducting Polymer,Sulphonated polyaniline,Hydrothermal,Electrical conductivity,Ion Exchange,Toxic metal ions}, url = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_113055.html}, eprint = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_113055_21310e5f869c8e2b5f43d3075c175696.pdf} } @article { author = {Shahraki, Shirin and Masrournia, Mahboubeh and Karimi-Maleh, Hasan}, title = {Fabrication of Sulfapyridine Electrochemical Sensor Amplified with CuO/SWCNTs as High Performance Electroanalytical Tool in Real Sample Analysis}, journal = {Chemical Methodologies}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {720-731}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2645-7776}, eissn = {2588-4344}, doi = {10.22034/chemm.2020.113387}, abstract = {Sulfapyridine is one of the most important antibiotics drug with some side effects and determination of this drug is very important in biological and pharmaceutical samples. In this research, an electrochemical amplified sensor was fabricated as analytical tool for determination of sulfapyridine in drug samples. For fabrication of sulfapyridine sensor, a carbon paste electrode (CPE) was amplified with copper oxide decorated single wall carbon nanotubes (CuO/SWCNTs) as conductive mediator. The CuO/SWCNTs/CPE was used for voltammetric determination of sulfapyridine and results showed an increasing in oxidation current sulfapyridine about 2.35 times and decreasing 80 mV in oxidation potential in the same condition. The cyclic voltammetric (CV) investigation confirm pH dependent redox reaction for sulfapyridine in the presence of one electron and one proton with maximum sensitivity at pH=7.0. Analytical investigation showed a linear dynamic range 50 nM- 400 µM with detection limit 10 nM. In the final step, CuO/SWCNTs/CPE was used for determination of sulfapyridine in tablet, drinking water and dextrose saline sample with acceptable recovery data between 99.13% - 103.35%.}, keywords = {Sulfapyridine,CuO/SWCNTs composite,Modified electrode,Electrochemical sensor}, url = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_113387.html}, eprint = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_113387_4200cfbd34ccf359664ab845d20dd92e.pdf} } @article { author = {Montazarolmahdi, Maliheh and Masrournia, Mahboubeh and Nezhadali, Azizollah}, title = {A New Electrochemical Approach for the Determination of Phenylhydrazine in Water and Wastewater Samples using Amplified Carbon Paste Electrode}, journal = {Chemical Methodologies}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {732-742}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2645-7776}, eissn = {2588-4344}, doi = {10.22034/chemm.2020.113388}, abstract = {A New Electrochemical Approach for the Determination of Phenylhydrazine in Water and Wastewater Samples using Amplified Carbon Paste Electrode An electroanalytical sensor amplified with NiO-SWCNTs nanocomposite and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HMC) was fabricated and used for determination of phenylhydrazine as a water contaminant. The NiO/SWCNTs nanocomposite was synthesized by a simple and one-pot method (chemical precipitation in this case) and characterized by FESEM and EDS methods. In continuous, NiO-SWCNTs/HMC/CPE was used as working electrode for investigation electrochemical behavior of phenylhydrazine. In compare to unmodified electrode, oxidation signal of phenylhydrazine was improved about 6.8 times and results confirm a linear dynamic range between 3.0 nM – 350 µM with detection limit 0.8 nM using differential pulse votammetric method (DPV). The ability of NiO-SWCNTs/HMC/CPE as an analytical tool was check for determination of phenylhydrazine in water samples and results confirm powerful ability of suggested sensor for this goal with recovery data 97.8% - 104.35%.}, keywords = {Phenylhydrazine,NiO-SWCNTs nanocomposite,1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride,Electroanalytical sensor}, url = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_113388.html}, eprint = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_113388_59a174972c37fc8697730a77ffddc982.pdf} } @article { author = {Sadeghi, Hossein and Shahidi, Seyed-Ahmad and Naghizadeh Raeisi, Shahram and Ghorbani-HasanSaraei, Azade and Karimi, Fateme}, title = {Electrochemical Determination of Folic Acid in Fruit Juices Samples Using Electroanalytical Sensor Amplified with CuO/SWCNTs and 1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate}, journal = {Chemical Methodologies}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {743-753}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2645-7776}, eissn = {2588-4344}, doi = {10.22034/chemm.2020.113657}, abstract = {Folic acid is an important food additive found in most food products. This research study focused on making a powerful analytical device to determine the folic acid concentration in food products. An electrochemical amplified sensor based on paste electrode (PE) modified with CuO-CNTs and 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BDHFP) was fabricated and used to study the electro-oxidation of folic acid. Oxidation current of folic acid was improved about 2.8 times at PE/M/CuO-CNTs/BDHFP compared with that of the PE. In addition, an irreversible and pH dependent oxidation signal was detected for redox reaction of folic acid at surface of PE/M/CuO-CNTs/BDHFP. Active surface area of PE was increased from 0.11 cm2 to 0.18 cm2 after modification with CuO-CNTs and BDHFP. Differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) signals displayed a linear dynamic range 3.0 nM–250 µM with detection limit 0.8 nM for measurement of folic acid. To study the ability of the PE/M/CuO-CNTs/BDHFP to determine the folic acid in real samples, apple and orange juices were selected and recovery data between 99.29%-101.6% confirm high performance ability of PE/M/CuO-CNTs/BDHFP for determination of folic acid in real samples.}, keywords = {Folic acid analysis,Ionic Liquid,Food analysis,Fruit Juices,Modified sensor}, url = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_113657.html}, eprint = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_113657_9aa598ac4429c6ef16f388bac260c199.pdf} } @article { author = {Esmaeilzadeh, Hassan and Fataei, Ebrahim and Saadati, Hossein}, title = {NH3 Removal from Sour Water by Clinoptilolite Zeolite: A Case Study of Tabriz Refinery}, journal = {Chemical Methodologies}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {754-773}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2645-7776}, eissn = {2588-4344}, doi = {10.22034/chemm.2020.113660}, abstract = {Sour water (SW) is one of the refinery effluents that is very dangerous for the environment and humans. In refineries, the use of conventional methods to remove contaminants, including ammonia (NH3), from SW is not very effective. This study proposes a method to remove NH3 from the refinery's SW and reduce its associated risks. In this study, for the first time, using the adsorption method and clinoptilolite adsorbent, the concentration of NH3 in SW decreased and reached the standard limit, which could be as an innovation for this research. The effect of pH, adsorbent dose, initial pollutant concentration, contact time, and temperature were investigated. Thermodynamics, kinetics, and isotherms were studied. The results were used to remove NH3 from the SW of Tabriz refinery. The optimal values ​​of the aforementioned parameters were 11, 1 g/100 mL, 50 mg/L, 30 min, and 25 °C, respectively. The results of the thermodynamic analysis showed that the adsorption process was exothermic, reversible and spontaneous in the test conditions. Experimental data were fitted better to the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and Langmuir isotherm model. After passing the SW through two consecutive fixed substrates, the NH3 concentration decreased from 400 mg/L to 2.3 mg/L, and the R% was 93.4%. According to the results of this study the proposed method can be used as a suitable method and suitable adsorbent to remove NH3 from the SW of refineries and effluents, due to its simplicity and high efficiency and the clinoptilolite due to its cheapness, abundance and ability to resuscitation.}, keywords = {Pollutant Removal,Wastewater,Refinery,Sour Water,Clinoptilolite,Kinetics}, url = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_113660.html}, eprint = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_113660_7eeabcafd52d281574d1387e9c4d219f.pdf} } @article { author = {Rahimi, Nastaran and Narenjian, Alireza and Qomi, Mahnaz and Salehi Surmaghi, Mohammad Hossein and Dadras, Orkideh}, title = {Extraction and Determination of Essential Oil of Arachis hypogaea through Supercritical Fluid Extraction Coupled with GC-MS}, journal = {Chemical Methodologies}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {774-787}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2645-7776}, eissn = {2588-4344}, doi = {10.22034/chemm.2020.113872}, abstract = {< p>Peanut essential oils cover a big part of the human diet, containing various proteins and lipids. Optimized extraction of essential oils from peanut could acts an important role in food and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to validate a cost-effective green method with high recovery rates for extracting the peanut essential oils. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was implemented for the extraction of oils from Arachis hypogaea. The experimental parameters of SFE such as pressure, temperature, modifier volume, static, and dynamic extraction time were optimized using a central composite design after a 2n–1 fractional factorial design. Chemical compositions of the SFE extract were characterized using the GC–MS. Optimum conditions for supercritical fluid extraction were the temperature of 65 °C, 10 min time for static extraction, the pressure of 350 atm, dynamic extraction time of 35 min, and modifier volume of 150 µL. Major components of the SFE extracted oils in optimum conditions were oleic acid (35%), linolic acid (7.4%), palmitic acid (5%), and stearic acid (4.5%). The extraction recovery based on the SFE varied at the range of 0.60–17.10% (w/w) under different conditions. SFE coupled with GC-MS was successfully implemented for extraction of the peanut essential oils and it is a green and cost-effective method which could potentially replace the existing methods in the food and pharmaceutical industry.}, keywords = {Peanut,supercritical fluid extraction,GC-MS,Essential oil,optimization}, url = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_113872.html}, eprint = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_113872_3c5991be4c69d15eea4e5a7199c72f51.pdf} } @article { author = {Javadi, Nabi and Aallaei, Mohammadreza and Adib, Koroush and Atifeh, Seyed Mahdy}, title = {Theoretical Investigations on the Separation of Medetomidine Enantiomers}, journal = {Chemical Methodologies}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {788-797}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2645-7776}, eissn = {2588-4344}, doi = {10.22034/chemm.2020.117956}, abstract = {The enantiomeric separation of racemic compounds is of special importance. Conglomerate mixture is of considerable interest, since it corresponds to the possibility of spontaneous resolution of the two enantiomers. The aim of this paper is to find the achiral anions causing conglomerate formation of Medetomidine salts. For this purpose, the effect of 9 anion (X) on the heterochiral structure of Medetomidine enantiomers salts have been studied by Material Studio software. The crystal structures of all systems were determined by quantum calculations of CASTEP module. Investigation of the crystal structures and their respective energy show that Medetomidine salts, formed by Oxalic acid, Maleic acid and Fumaric acid crystalize as conglomerate, favoring preferential crystallization. The AIM results confirmed the more stability of conglomerate crystal in these cases while in the presence of other salting agent as Hydrochloric acid, Acetic acid, Carbonic acid, Formic acid, Malic acid and Lactic acid racemic crystal form is calculated as the more stable crystal. Using Forcite module, the total energy of the crystalline systems (calculated as the sum of the energies of the bonded and non-bonded interactions) are in agreement with those predicted by CASTEP module and AIM calculations.}, keywords = {Medetomidine,Racemic Compound,Conglomerate Mixture,Crystal Structure Prediction,Preferential Crystallization}, url = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_117956.html}, eprint = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_117956_affc0dde6b53ab216abb6dde2d7b2fbe.pdf} } @article { author = {Neisi, Abdolkazem and Kayedi, Neda and Mahmoudi, Parviz}, title = {Identification of Filamentous Microorganisms Causing Filamentous Bulking and Factors Affecting Their Growth in a Petrochemical Wastewater Treatment Plant}, journal = {Chemical Methodologies}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {798-805}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Sami Publishing Company}, issn = {2645-7776}, eissn = {2588-4344}, doi = {10.22034/chemm.2020.117957}, abstract = {Bulking (sludge bulking) is caused by the excessive growth of filamentous or non-filamentous bacteria in the process of wastewater treatment, which subsequently results in a reduction in the quality of the output of wastewater treatment plant. By identifying the main cause of bulking bacteria, we can recognize its formation and find solutions to specific bulking control. The proliferation of Nocardiaforms and Beggiatoa are due to the presence of excess oil compounds and sulfur compounds in the input wastewater, respectively. In this study, the identification of bulking bacteria was carried out in a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant using microscopic methods. Identification of filamentous bacteria was realized by microscopic studying of slides, based on morphological characteristics and their reaction to different staining; therefore, Beggiatoa and Thiothrix identified as predominant filamentous bacteria. According to results characteristics of these bacteria and effective growth factors, the abundance of sulfur compounds, the sulfur content and subsequently the growth of these bacteria are increasing. Thus they are prevented for the specific bulking control in a Petrochemical wastewater treatment plant by removing sulfuric acid in the pH adjustment of the balancing pond and replacement of hydrochloric acid.}, keywords = {Beggiatoa,Filamentous Bulking,Microscopic Method,Thiothrix}, url = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_117957.html}, eprint = {https://www.chemmethod.com/article_117957_c77489b2b122afb26bc0fddad5dc461c.pdf} }