Sami Publishing Company
Chemical Methodologies
2645-7776
2588-4344
3
6
2019
11
01
Green Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives: an Overview on Green Chemistry and Its Applications
620
631
EN
Mohammad
Asif
0000-0002-9352-3462
Department of Pharmacy, GRD (PG) Institute of Management and Technology, Dehradun, (Uttarakhand), 248009, India
aasif321@gmail.com
10.33945/SAMI/CHEMM.2019.6.1
The chemical substances in our environment are rising day by day. Only some of them are degraded, but most of them are non-degradable. These non-degradable substances produce pollutions which cause instability, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem as pollutions and create a risk to the environment. To reduce the possibility of a system we must reduce the risk not by altering the effect but by the cause. Thus, green chemistry (GC) concept was introduced, and it is a rapidly emerging field of chemistry. The GC is the design of chemical products and procedures that decrease or remove the use and production of harmful substances. In recent years, various heterocyclic compounds have appeared owing to the extensive varieties of their pharmacological activities. Benzimidazole is a heterocyclic aromatic compound. It is a vital and advantaged structure in medicinal chemistry and plays a role with ample therapeutic activities like analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antihypertensive, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer and antihistaminic. Because of its value, the processes for their synthesis have become a focus of synthetic chemists. Therefore, this review aims at compiling the chemistry of differently substituted benzimidazoles and some other methods. Conventional methods of synthesis need longer heating time, complicated and tedious apparatus set up which result in high cost and pollution in contrast to greener methods which are inexpensive.
Green chemistry,Benzimidazole,Synthesis,ecofriendly,sustainable development
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_85597.html
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_85597_8ceac9f857be1853772360752958c902.pdf
Sami Publishing Company
Chemical Methodologies
2645-7776
2588-4344
3
6
2019
11
01
Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles via Sol-gel Method and Investigation of Its Application in Solvent-free Synthesis of 12-Aryl-tetrahydrobenzo[α]xanthene-11-one Derivatives Under Microwave Irradiation
632
642
EN
Saeid
Taghavi Fardood
0000-0002-0645-1393
Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, P O Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran
saeidt64@gmail.com
Ali
Ramazani
0000-0003-3072-7924
Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, P O Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran
aliramazani@gmail.com
Farzaneh
Moradnia
Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, P O Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran
farzaneh2856@gmail.com
Zolfa
Afshari
Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, P O Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran
zolfa.afshari66@gmail.com
Sara
Ganjkhanlu
Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, P O Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran
sara_ganjkhanlu@yahoo.com
Fateme
Yekke Zare
Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, P O Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran
f.zare529@gmail.com
10.33945/SAMI/CHEMM.2019.6.2
In this work, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were fabricated using Arabic gum as a reducing and stabilizing agent by the novel sol-gel method without adding any surfactants<strong>. </strong>The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)<strong>. </strong>Subsequently, ZnO nanoparticles as efficient catalysts were consumed for the three-component coupling of 2-naphthol, aldehydes, and dimedone under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions in order to furnish the corresponding synthesis of 12-aryl-tetrahydrobenzo[<em>α</em>]xanthene-11-one derivatives in high yields.
Zinc oxide nanoparticles,12-aryl -tetrahydrobenzo[α]xanthene-11-one derivatives,Solvent-free,Microwave irradiation
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_87060.html
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_87060_cabd35fdb91bac73321ee3aa03728db4.pdf
Sami Publishing Company
Chemical Methodologies
2645-7776
2588-4344
3
6
2019
11
01
Vanadium(IV) Schiff base Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structure and Thermal Decomposition into V2O5 Particles
643
650
EN
Aliakbar
Dehno Khalaji
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
ad.khalaji@gu.ac.ir
Maryam
Ghorbani
Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, PO Box 19395-3697 Tehran, Iran
m.ghorbani@yahoo.com
Seyyed Javad
Peyghoun
Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, PO Box 19395-3697 Tehran, Iran
sjpeyghoun@yahoo.com
Norollah
Feizi
Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, PO Box 19395-3697 Tehran, Iran
nfeyzi@yahoo.com
Alireza
Akbari
Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, PO Box 19395-3697 Tehran, Iran
a.akbari@yahoo.com
Wolfgang
Hornfeck
Institute of Physic of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
hornfeck@fzu.cz
Michal
Dusek
Institute of Physic of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
dusek@fzu.cz
Vaclav
Eigner
Institute of Physic of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
eigner@fzu.cz
10.33945/SAMI/CHEMM.2019.6.3
Vanadium(IV) complex [VO((MeO-bph)<sub>2</sub>en)] (<strong>1</strong>), (MeO-bph)<sub>2</sub>en=<em>N,N</em><em>¢</em>-bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone)-1,2-ethanediamine, was synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses (CHN), FT-IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, SEM and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The title complex <strong>1 </strong>was prepared by the reaction of VO(acac)<sub>2</sub>, 1,2-ethanediamine and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (molar ratio 1:1:2). The single-crystal X-ray analysis of <strong>1</strong> shows that the vanadium(IV) ion is located in a distorted square pyramid (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) environment with the tetradentate Schiff base ligand coordinated in equatorial positions and one oxygen atom in the axial position. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the complex <strong>1</strong> decomposes in two stages. Finally, the complex was calcinated at 500 °C for 3 h and the V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> products characterized by FT-IR and SEM.
Vanadium(IV) complex,Distorted square pyramid,Spectroscopy,Thermogravimetric analysis
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_87065.html
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_87065_a44a215910428ff4a0c7841a292f24a1.pdf
Sami Publishing Company
Chemical Methodologies
2645-7776
2588-4344
3
6
2019
11
01
Synthesis and Characterization of Aluminium Sulphide (Al2S3) Thin Films
651
662
EN
I. Lucky
Ikhioya
0000-0002-5959-4427
Crystal growth/Material Science Laboratory, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
imosobomeh.ikhioya@unn.edu.ng
B.O.
Ijabor
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Delta State Polytechnic Ogwashi-Uku, Nigeria
G.M.
Whyte
Crystal growth/Material Science Laboratory, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
F.I.
Ezema
Crystal growth/Material Science Laboratory, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
10.33945/SAMI/CHEMM.2019.6.4
The synthesis of Al<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> thin film was carryout using electrodeposition technique. The electrodeposition bath system is composed of a source of cation (<em>i.e</em>. AlSO<sub>4</sub>.17H<sub>2</sub>O for Al<sup>2+</sup>) and a source of anion (<em>i.e.</em> Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> for S<sup>2-</sup>). Indium doped Tin Oxide (ITO) was used as the cathode while the anode was carbon and fluorine electrode. The temperature was varied by heating the entire precursor using a standard heating mantle with temperature ranges from 20 °C- 120 °C and the growth of Al<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> thin films was carried out using the temperature range from 50 °C-80 °C at interval of 10 °C which later was converted to Kelvin. The XRD was found to be of wurtzite-like structure as hexagonal crystal structure that corresponds to 100, 110 and 111 plane. All the samples deposited at different temperature are crystalline in nature with lattice constant, (). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out to reveal the micro-structural properties of aluminium sulphide thin films material. It was observed that as the wavelength of the incident radiation increases the absorbance of the material decreases. The sample deposited at 353 K recorded the highest absorbance at 380 nm. The sample deposited at 333 K recorded the highest transmittance at 1180 nm. Al<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> film has a low transmittance less than 30% in the visible wavelength 520–720 nm and less than 60% transmittance in the near infrared wavelength 760–1200 nm which showed that as the wavelength of the incident radiation increases the transmittance of the films increases. The resistivity of the material decreases as the temperature and thickness of the materials increases while the conductivity of the material increases as the temperature and thickness of the material increases. The band gap energy of Al<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> thin films deposited at (323 K-353 K) as obtained from the plot is given as 2.4-3.0 eV.
Aluminium,ITO,Temperature,structural and optical
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_87231.html
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_87231_988a39d6138333f2f388f7d26af200fa.pdf
Sami Publishing Company
Chemical Methodologies
2645-7776
2588-4344
3
6
2019
11
01
Lithium–functionalization of Pyrrole–n–carboxylic Acids (n=1, 2, 3)
663
672
EN
Nahid
Ghasemi
Department of Chemistry, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
Mahmoud
Mirzaei
0000-0001-9346-4901
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
mahzaei@gmail.com
10.33945/SAMI/CHEMM.2019.6.5
Functionalization processes of neutral and ionic forms of the singular lithium element (Li/Li+) by the pyrrole–<em>n</em>–carboxylic acid (PnCA; n=1, 2, 3) have been investigated based on the quantum chemical density functional theory (DFT) calculations. To this aim, molecular and atomic scales parameters have been obtained for the optimized structures of original and Li/Li+ functionalized complex models of PnCA. The results have indicated that the structural shapes and the O8 dominant atom properties are similar to P1CA and P3CA models but different from P2CA model. Moreover, the adsorption energies have indicated that the P3CA model could be considered as the best choice for both of Li and Li+ functionalization processes. The orbital distribution patterns and dipole moments have also approved the Li/Li+ functionalization by the PnCA species. As a result, the PnCA species could be suggested as suitable adsorbents of neutral and ionic forms of the Li element.
Pyrrole–n–carboxylic acid,Lithium,Functionalization,Adsorption,Density functional theory
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_87286.html
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_87286_732bd7e76c2162d12c544a4df911e2cc.pdf
Sami Publishing Company
Chemical Methodologies
2645-7776
2588-4344
3
6
2019
11
01
Evaluation of Ground and Excited State Dipole Moments of 2(3)-tetra(tert-butylphenoxy)phthalocyaninato Zinc(II) from Solvatochromic Data
673
687
EN
Abimbola
Ogunsipe
0000-0002-1539-2380
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, P.M.B 1221, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria
ogunsipe.abimbola@fupre.edu.ng
Patrick
Bokolo
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, P.M.B 1221, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria
ebukabokolo@yahoo.com
10.33945/SAMI/CHEMM.2019.6.6
This article presents a semi-empirical determination of ground state dipole moment (m<sub>g</sub>) and excited state dipole moment (m<sub>e</sub>) of 2(3)-tetra(<em>tert</em>-butylphenoxy)phthalocyaninato zinc(II) (ZnTBPc) using the solvatochromic shift method, which is based on the Onsager’s reaction field theory. A combined application of the Bakshiev’s equation and the Kawski-Chamma-Viallet’s equation was used to determine the ratio m<sub>e</sub>/m<sub>g </sub>while the use of the molecular-microscopic solvent polarity parameter yielded the term Dm (m<sub>e</sub>- m<sub>g</sub>). The dipole moment of ZnTBPc in its excited singlet state (m<sub>e</sub>=4.46D) is more than twice as much as that in its ground state (m<sub>g</sub>=2.14D).These values suggest that the higher charge separation is greater in the excited state of ZnTBPc than in its ground state.<br /><br />
Ground state,Excited state,Dipole moment,Solvents,Solvatochromic
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_87363.html
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_87363_787b164938f6c60274a29e8cf40bc17e.pdf
Sami Publishing Company
Chemical Methodologies
2645-7776
2588-4344
3
6
2019
11
01
Theoretical Study of First Singlet Excited State of Para-Substituted Platinabenzene Complexes
688
703
EN
Gholamreza
Ghane Shalmani
Department of chemistry, Faculty of science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
gh1347re@gmail.com
Reza
Ghiasi
0000-0002-1200-6376
Department of Chemistry, East Tehran (Ghiamdasht) Campus Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
rezaghiasi1353@hotmail.com
Azam
Marjani
Department of chemistry, Faculty of science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
rjani@iau-arak.ac.ir
10.33945/SAMI/CHEMM.2019.6.7
The structure, electronic properties, and aromaticity of the <em>para</em>-substituted platinabenzenes were illustrated by applying the hybrid density functional MPW1PW91 theory. The electron donor groups (EDG) and electron withdraw groups (EWG) effects on geometry, frontier orbital energies, reactivity indices and aromaticity in the first singlet excited state of platinabenzene were investigated and compared to ground state. The contribution of the fragments of the studied complexes in the frontier orbitals were calculated both in terms of the ground state and the first singlet excited state. Linear correlations between the studied parameters with Hammett's constants (<em>s</em><sub>p</sub>) were given in the two studied states.
Platinabenzene,Substituent effect,Excited state,nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS)
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_87471.html
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_87471_141a22b3ba7d11da862a9093dcd69d4f.pdf
Sami Publishing Company
Chemical Methodologies
2645-7776
2588-4344
3
6
2019
11
01
Metal-Organic Framework MIL-53(Fe) as a highly efficient reusable catalyst for the synthesis of 2-aryl-1H-benzimidazole
704
712
EN
Azadeh
Nozarie
Department of Chemistry, Payam Noor University, Birjand, Iran
nozariazadeh@gmail.com
10.33945/SAMI/CHEMM.2019.6.8
Metal-organic framework MIL-53(Fe) (MIL = Materials of Institute Lavoisier) as recyclable and heterogeneous catalyst efficiently catalyzed the synthesis of 2-Aryl-1H-Benzimidazole derivatives from o-phenylenediamine and aldehydes in solvent-free condition. This method provides benzimidazole in good to excellent yields with little catalyst loading. Furthermore, the catalyst can be readily isolated by filtering and no obvious loss of activity was observed when the catalyst was reused in five consecutive runs.<br /><br />
Metal-organic framework MIL-53(Fe),2-aryl-1H-benzimidazole,Aldehydes,o-Phenylenediamine
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_88186.html
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_88186_584fe0f72c28ab86cccacf3e16825594.pdf
Sami Publishing Company
Chemical Methodologies
2645-7776
2588-4344
3
6
2019
11
01
Studies on Isora Fibers Mixed with 1% Ricinoleic Acid Reinforced with Polypropylene
713
720
EN
A.U
Santhoskumar
Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr. MGR Educational & Research Institute University, Madhuravoyal, Chennai-95
santhosannauniv@gmail.com
N.
Jaya Chitra
Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr. MGR Educational & Research Institute University, Madhuravoyal, Chennai-95
santhoskumar1986@gmail.com
10.33945/SAMI/CHEMM.2019.6.9
The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Isora fiber mixed with 1% ricinoleic acid as a reinforcement for polypropylene (PP) thermoplastic matrix. Isora fibers were subjected to mercerization prior to blending with PP in order to obtain good interfacial adhesion with the matrix. A PP/Isora composite has been prepared by melt blending of PP with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% alkali treated Isora fiber in co-rotating twin screw extruder. The extruded strands are pelletized and then injection-moulded to obtain specimens. The optimum compositions of the PP/alkali treated Isora composites were mixed with 1% ricinoleic acid. Fiber-matrix adhesion will be analysed by mechanical and thermal properties of the composites which were evaluated.
Isora Fibre,FTIR,Mechanical properties
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_88376.html
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_88376_e240a6f848fd99941cb9236d693fac45.pdf
Sami Publishing Company
Chemical Methodologies
2645-7776
2588-4344
3
6
2019
11
01
Effects of Freeze-drying and Freezing on Vitamins and Sugars of Mango Pulp (‘Apple’ Cultivar): A Preliminary Comparison of Methods for Improving Sample Storage
721
731
EN
Kennedy
Olale
0000-0001-9343-7946
Department of Chemistry-Kisii University, P.O. Box 408-40200, Kisii-Kenya
kennedyolale@gmail.com
Walyambillah
Waudo
Department of Chemistry- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62,000–00200, Nairobi, Kenya
walyambillah@gmail.com
Salim Ali
Mohammed
Department of Chemistry- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62,000–00200, Nairobi, Kenya
alisa22002@yahoo.co.uk
10.33945/SAMI/CHEMM.2019.6.10
Mango (<em>Mangifera indica</em> <em>L.</em>) fruits are highly perishable ones whose important nutrients such as vitamins and sugars quickly decrease under storage. In this study, we compared two methods of fruit pulp storage; freezing and freeze-drying in order to compare total carotenoids, <em>β</em>-carotene, ascorbic acid (AA), titratable acidity (TTA), total soluble solid (TSS) and pH. Mean total carotenoid, <em>β</em>-carotene and AA of frozen pulp were 7.08±0.15 µg/g, 1.47±0.09 µg/g and 92.77±17.49 mg/100 g respectively. While freeze-dried pulp had 8.06±0.03 µg/g, 2.35±0.03 µg/g and 113.02±0.07 mg/100 g for total carotenoid, <em>β</em>-carotene and AA respectively. The total carotenoid, <em>β</em>-carotene and AA of fresh pulp were; 8.15 µg/g, 2.44 µg/g and 119 mg/100 g respectively. TTA, TSS and pH were; 3.01±1.01%, 9.40±1.42 °Brix and 2.97±0.19 for frozen pulp and 2.97±0.01%, 11.70±0.08 °Brix and 2.99±0.01 for freeze dried pulp respectively. TTA, TSS and pH for fresh pulp were; 4.85%, 11.90 Brix% and 3.48 respectively. All measured parameters were significantly higher (p <0.05) in fresh sample than in the stored pulp (frozen or freeze-dried). Mean total carotenoids, <em>β</em> carotene, AA and TSS were significantly (p <0.05) higher for freeze-dried pulp than for frozen pulp. However, mean TTA and pH did not differ between freeze-dried and frozen pulp. Slow decrease of AA in the freeze-dried pulp further suggests the method as preferred for long term storage of mango pulps.
bioactive substances,Fruit quality,Sugars,Techniques,Vitamins
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_88463.html
https://www.chemmethod.com/article_88463_c92e0f24018c066749af0033c70172f1.pdf