Introduction

The use of acid solutions is common in many industries to eliminate unwanted scales and rust from steel surfaces. In addition, they are often used to enhance oil and gas recovery through acidification in the oil and gas industry [1]. Unfortunately, these procedures typically result in severe corrosion of steel pipes, tubes, and equipment [2]. The Assessment of carbon steel corrosion is important, especially in acidic environments where acids are commonly used for various processes such as pickling [3], cleaning [4], descaling [5], and oil-well acidization [6]. These processes can cause significant damage to the steel [7]. However, the harmful effects of mineral acid solutions on steel can be reduced by adding corrosion inhibitors in small concentrations [8]. Corrosion inhibitors are essential in preventing corrosion and protecting metals from further damage [9]. Organic nitrogen-containing compounds are the most used corrosion inhibitors in industrial applications, particularly in solutions of HCl [10]. These inhibitors form a barrier on the surface of various steels, preventing them from corroding [11]. The protective layer created by these inhibitors shields the metal from further corrosion, thereby preserving the mechanical properties of metal [12]. Quaternary ammonium salts are a class of organic nitrogen-containing compounds that have shown potential as effective corrosion inhibitors for steel in acidic environments [13]. Further research should be conducted on these compounds to fully understand their properties and potential applications in preventing steel corrosion [14]. Studies have shown that organic corrosion inhibitors containing nitrogen atoms can decrease the ability of hydrogen to penetrate steel under acidic conditions, thereby reducing the corrosion risk [15]. Therefore, exploring the potential of quaternary ammonium salts as corrosion inhibitors is a promising avenue for future research in the field of materials science and engineering. El Maghraby conducted a study on how cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) affects the corrosion inhibition in carbon steel when exposed to solutions of sulphuric acid [16]. Zhao et al. investigated how the combination of quinolinium quaternary ammonium salt and a Gemini surfactant work together to inhibit corrosion in sour brine solutions [17]. Han et al. examined how imidazoline quaternary ammonium salts induce pitting corrosion in L245 steel when exposed to a solution saturated with H₂S [18]. One quaternary ammonium salt, 4-formyl-N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylbenzenaminium bromide (FHDB), was synthesized and described in the current study. The PDP measurement was used to assess this compound's inhibitory effect on C-steel in a 6 M HCl solution. The influence of temperature and inhibitor concentration was examined on inhibition behavior. Several kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were computed using the experimental data. The process by which the produced inhibitor adhered to the surface of C-steel in 6 M HCl was further explained. The surface morphology of the C-steel corroded in 6 M HCl with and without the addition of inhibitors was examined using an atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope.

Materials and Methods

Synthesis of 4-formyl-N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylbenzenaminium bromide (FHDB) [19]

In ethanol, 1-Bromohexadecane (0.027 mol, 8.3 g) was added to a stirred solution, followed by 4-di methyl amino benzaldehyde (0.027 mol, 4.02 g). The mixture was then refluxed for 48 hours and concentrated under vacuum. The resulting solid product was filtered and dried, yielding an off-white solid with a yield of 83% and a melting point of 62.5 °C.

Steel specimen

A low carbon steel coupon with a composition of 0.17% C, 0.8% Mn, 0.014% P, 0.002% S, 0.022% Si, 0.02% Cu, 0.01% Ni, 0.04% Cr, 0.002% Sn, 0.042% Al, 0.006% N, 0.001% V, 0.0001% B, 0.001% Ti, 0.001% Cd, and the remaining being Fe was used as a working electrode with an area of 1 cm² for the polarization method. For electrical connection, the C-steel rod was welded with Cu-wire, placed inside a Teflon tube, and secured with glue. Specimens were cleaned in accordance with ASTM standard G1-3 before to the start of any experiment.

PDP Studies (Tafel Extrapolation)

Electrochemical studies were conducted using a Wenking M Lab potentiostat and a three-electrode cell, with platinum over titanium (Pt/Ti) electrode as the auxiliary electrode and a saturated silver electrode Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode. The Tafel extrapolation technique was utilized to determine the corrosion rates, and the experiments were carried out at 313K, 323K, 333K, and 343K.

FT-IR Analysis

The structure of compound FHDB was confirmed by FT-IR spectrum which showed n(C-H) aromatic at 3000 cm^-1, n(C-H) aliphatic 2972 cm^-1, n(C-H) aldehyde 2855 and 2722 cm^-1, 1691 n (C=O) aldehyde, 1254 cm^-1 n(C-N), and 1593 cm^-1 ν(C=C) aromatic [20]. FT-IR spectrum data of FHDB were demonstrated in Figure 1. Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrophotometer FT-IR was recorded using KBr disc on SHIMADZU FT-IR-8400, Japan, at Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, AL-MUSTANSIRYAH University, Iraq.

¹H-NMR Analysis

¹H-NMR (DMSO) spectrum of FHDB showed signals at δ 0.831-0.861 (t,3H,- terminal CH₃) triplet of three protons,  δ 1.1-1.4 (m, 30H,15CH₂) multiplate due thirteen protons of long chain fatty acid);  triplet at δ 2.1-2.5 due to two proton of (t, 2H, CH₂-N), singlet signal at δ 3.0-3.3 due for six protons (s, 6H, 2CH₃- N), δ 6.7-7.6 multiplate due aromatic ring proton (m, 4H, Ar-H), 9.67 singlet signal of one proton (s,1H,-COH) [20]. ¹H-NMR spectrum data of FHDB were depicted in Figure 2.

¹³C-NMR Analysis

¹³C-NMR (DMSO) spectrum of FHDB showed signals at 14.33 below to (C25), signals at 22.6- 40.3 due to (C24-C11), 68.1 due to (C10), 60.01 below to (C8,C9), 111.01below to (C6,C2), 123-131due to (C5,C3), 154.64 due to (C1,C4), 190.23below to (C26) [20]. ¹³C-NMR spectrum data of FHDB were shown in Figure 3.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrophotometry, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR spectra were registered on near magnetic resonance Bruker, Ultra-shield 300 mHz in BASRAH University, Iraq, using tetramethyl silane as internal standard and DMSO-d₆ as solvents.

Figure 1: FT-IR spectrum of FHDB

Figure 2: ¹H-NMR spectrum of FHDB

Figure 3: ¹³C-NMR spectrum of FHDB

Results and Discussion

Synthesis of 4-formyl-N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylbenzenaminium bromide (FHDB)

The synthesis of the novel compound 4-formyl-N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylbenzenaminium bromide (FHDB) was carried out according to the reaction sequences displayed in Scheme 1.

Scheme 1: Synthetic pathway employed for synthesis of FHDB inhibitor

PDP Measurements

In Figure 4, the polarization curves of C-steel are shown with and without various concentrations of FHDB. The shape of potentiodynamic curve is similar in both cases, but the FHDB addition results in the inhibition of both the anodic and cathodic reactions, with a predominant cathodic effect. The corrosion current density (I_corr) was calculated through Tafel extrapolation, and the resulting parameters, including I_corr, E_corr, βa, βc, and inhibition efficiency (%IE) are listed in Table 2. The inhibitor efficiency %IE and degree of surface coverage (ϴ) were calculated using Equation 1 and the measured I_corr values.

Where, I_corr(free) is the uninhibited corrosion current and I_corr(i) is the inhibited corrosion current. Figure 4 illustrates that the FHDB addition to a 6 M HCl solution resulted in a decrease in both anodic and cathodic currents, indicating that the inhibitor has a mixed nature. The decrease in I_corr values in the FHDB presence indicates the adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the surface of C-steel, leading to an increase in the %IE. Moreover, the changes in the βa and βc values of FHDB with various concentrations suggest that the inhibitor regulates the anodic and cathodic reactions.

FHDB was found to be a mixed-type inhibitor as there was no significant change in the corrosion potential (E_corr) values with the inhibitor addition compared to E_corr in the absence of the inhibitor [21]. This indicates that FHDB adsorbs on the C-steel surface by blocking the reaction sites, reducing the surface area available for hydrogen evolution (cathodic reaction) and metal dissolution (anodic reaction), without altering the process mechanism.

Higher FHDB inhibitor concentrations, as indicated by the provided parameters in Table 2, reduce the anodic and cathodic corrosion current densities. In comparison to the results obtained in the presence of various FHDB concentrations, the I_corr was highest in the acidic blank solution at all temperatures. As the reaction temperature was raised, the I_corr rose at all tested inhibitor doses as the temperature impact was seen. For instance, the I_corr measured at 40 and 70ºC in the presence of 200 mg.L^-1 FHDB was 0.104 and 0.880 mA cm^-2, respectively. The rapid electrochemical reactions and metal disintegration at higher temperatures could be the cause of the significant rise in the current density (around 10 times) [21]. The anodic and cathodic curves altered towards greater positive and negative potentials, respectively, in accordance with the obtained results, identifying FHDB as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor [22]. Higher FHDB concentrations lead to higher surface coverage due to the buildup of inhibitor molecules in terms of inhibition efficiency and surface coverage. As a result, the inhibitor performance is significantly enhanced at the greatest dosage of 200 mg.L^-1 at all temperatures. The efficiency was further decreased as a result of the corrosion rate increasing at higher temperatures.

Figure 4: Typical Tafel polarization curves of C-steel in 6M HCl solution with various concentrations of FHDB inhibitor at different temperatures (313K, 323K, 333K, and 343K)

Table 2: Electrochemical data obtained from Tafel plots for C-steel in 6 M HCl with different FHDB concentrations at various temperatures

Adsorption Studies and Thermodynamic Isotherms

To understand the adsorption mechanism of FHDB onto the metal surface, the adsorption isotherm is used to provide information about the interactions between the adsorbate and the surface. Several adsorption isotherms have been commonly used, including Langmuir, Temkin, Frumkin, and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was found to best describe the adsorption behavior, as shown in Figure 5. The Langmuir isotherm suggests that metal surface has a fixed number of adsorption sites with one adsorbate, and the Gibbs free energy of adsorption has the same value for all sites, irrespective of the surface coverage [23]. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation is represented by Equation 2 [24]:

Where, C is FHDB dose and K_ads is adsorptive equilibrium constant (degree of adsorption). A higher Kads value indicates stronger adsorption of the inhibitor on the metal surface. As seen in Figure 5, a straight line is obtained by plotting C/θ against C, and the regression coefficient R² is almost equal to 1. This indicates that the Langmuir adsorption isotherm provides an excellent description of the adsorption behavior, and the inhibitor is strongly adsorbed on the metal surface. In this study, FHDB was found to follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, indicating that the inhibitor molecules adsorb independently onto the metal surface with a definite proportion of adsorption sites. The plot of C/θ vs. C produced a straight line with a regression coefficient R² close to 1, indicating a good fit of FHDB with the Langmuir isotherm. The equilibrium constant K_ads decreased with an increase in temperature, indicating that FHDB was more effectively adsorbed onto the C-steel surface at lower temperatures. The following relationships were used to calculate the free energy of adsorption [25].

K_ads = 1/55.5 Exp(-ΔG_ads/ RT)                                 (3)

ΔG_ads = -2.303RT log (55.55 K_ads)                           (4)

Logk_ads = -ΔH_ads/2.303RT + ΔS_ads / 2.303R + Log 1/55.55                                                                          (5)

The water concentration in solution in mol. L^-1 is represented by the number 55.55 in the above equations 3-5.

Figure 5: Langmuir adsorption isotherm of FHDB on C- steel in 6M HCl at different temperatures

Table 3 presents the results of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The negative values of ΔG^o_ads ensure both the stability of the adsorbed layer on the metal surface and the spontaneity of the adsorption process. The interaction between a charged metal and a charged molecule through electrostatic forces is referred to as physisorption, and ΔG^o_ads values up to -20 kJ mol^-1 are typically associated with this type of interaction. On the other hand, ΔG^o_ads values equal to or greater than -40 kJ mol^-1 indicate chemisorption, where the organic molecules share or transfer electrons to the metal surface, resulting in a coordinate bond [26]. Given that the acquired ΔG^o_ads values fall between the previously specified ranges, which is between -29.96 and -30.39 kJ.mol^-1, this indicates mixed type adsorption. The strength of bonding between the inhibitor and the C-steel coupon surface is revealed by the value of K_ads. A decrease in K_ads at higher temperatures suggests a weak interaction and desorption of FHDB molecules from the surface of C-steel. Therefore, K_ads is a crucial parameter for understanding the bonding strength between the inhibitor and metal surface. The relationship between the logarithm of K_ads and the reciprocal of temperature (1/T) gave a straight line with a slope of (-ΔHads/2.303R) in Figure 6. Accordingly, the value of ΔH_ads was determined to be -25.37 kJ.mol^-1. The negative value of ΔH_ads indicates that the inhibitor adsorption on metal surface is an exothermic process. When distinguishing between physisorption and chemisorption processes, it is commonly accepted that exothermic values below -40 kJ.mol^-1 indicate physisorption, while adsorption with heat values approaching -100 kJ.mol^-1 is the chemisorption characteristic. The value of the standard adsorption heat ΔH˚ads (-25.37 kJ.mol^-1) used in this study suggests that physical adsorption is the preferred mechanism. The FHDB adsorption on the C-steel surface was found to result in a decrease in system order, as evidenced by the positive value of the standard adsorption entropy.

Table 3: Thermodynamic parameters ΔG^o_ads, ΔH^o_ads, and ΔS^o_ads of FHDB adsorption of on C-steel at various temperatures

Figure 6: Plot of log K_ads against reciprocal of temperature values

Corrosion Kinetics Studies

The inhibitory efficiency of FHDB under different temperatures was investigated by conducting PDP measurements with various concentrations of FHDB over a temperature range of 313-343 K. The activation parameters of the corrosion process were calculated using the Arrhenius Equation 6, while the transition state Equation 7 was applied [27].

Log (Icorr) = Log A – Ea/2.303RT                        (6)

Log (Icorr/T) = Log (K/h) + ΔS*/2.303R - ΔH*/2.303RT                                                             (7)

Where,  I_corr is corrosion current,  E^*_a is energy of activation, R is universal gas constant (8.314 J.mol^-1 K^-1), T is temperature in K, A is Arrhenius factor, h is Planck’s constant (6.626 x 10^-34 J.s), N is Avogadro’s number (6.022 x 1023 mol^-1), ΔH^* is activation enthalpy, and ΔS^* is activation entropy. Log I_corr plots vs. 1/T revealed a linear relationship with a slope (-E^*_a/2.303 R) and the intercept of the extrapolated line log A. Table 4 illustrates the results. From the plots of log I_corr/T vs. 1/T, straight lines were obtained, as presented in Figure 7 with the slope of (-ΔH^*/2.303 R) and an intercept of [(log (R/Nh) + (ΔS^*/2.303 R)] which were used to calculate values of ΔH^* and ΔS^*, respectively. Figure 8 provides Arrhenius charts for a temperature range of 313-343 K in 6 M HCl. Based on the corrosion, current measured values determined from polarization curves at various temperatures with and without of FHDB as a corrosion inhibitor [27].

Table 4: Corrosion kinetic parameters for C-steel in 6M HCl in the absence and presence different concentrations of FHDB

Figure 7: Transition state plot for C-steel in 6 M HCl in the presence of different concentrations of FHDB

Figure 8: Arrhenius Plot of C-Steel in 6 M HCl Contains Different Concentrations of FHDB at Different Temperatures

According to the activation kinetic parameters, at increasing inhibitor concentration, the activation enthalpy increased, indicating a decrease in corrosion rate. The higher activation energy values point to physisorption of the FHDB species onto the surface of the C-steel, allowing the corrosion process's energy barrier to increase. The endothermic nature of the disintegration of C-steel is indeed reflected in the positive value of ΔH^*. The negative values of ΔS^*, indicated that a larger order was created throughout the activation process. This can be accomplished through producing of an activated complex, which stands for association or fixation and results in a decrease in the system's degrees of freedom.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM, measurements were performed by FESEM Instrument/ ZEISS Model Sigma VP, in Iran, Tehran. Figure 9(a–b) shows a SEM image of C-steel corroded in 6 M HCl with and without of FHDB inhibitor. The corroded surface of C-steel is demonstrated by the acid-dipped coupons (see Figure 9a). The damaged body is evidence that hydrochloric acid has dissolved the iron that was present on the metal surface. In addition, the eroded holes can be found throughout the entire sample, verification of the acid attack on the C-steel, whereas a packed film layer was produced in Figure 9b, due to the adsorbed layer by the synthetic FHDB inhibitor, the surface was smooth and free of pits. Inhibiting process is made possible by the formation of a protective surface by the inhibitor on metal surface. Hence, the inhibitor actively prevents acid corrosion from occurring on the C-steel surface.

Figure 9: SEM micrographs of C- steel in a 6M HCl solution at 313 K; (a) without FHDB inhibitor and (b) in presence of FHDB inhibitor

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

Atomic Force Microscopy AFM (with high-resolution type) measurements were carried out by NAIO AFM2022, Nanosurf, Switzerland in Iraqi Ministry of Industry, Baghdad, Iraq. As dispalyed in Figure 10(a-b), using the 3D AFM, both the surface roughness and topography of the C-steel coupons were examined through characterization approach at the nanoscale level. AFM is a reliable tool for quantifying the surface roughness and assessing the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors. Figure 10a depicts the pitted, corroded metal surface immersed in 6M HCl solution without the FHDB inhibitor.  In this situation, the R_q (root-mean-square roughness), Ra (average roughness), and P-V (the maximum peak-to-valley) height values for the C-steel surface observed are 68.25, 53.05, and 48.17 nm, respectively. These results imply that C-steel surface immersed in 6 M HCl, it proves that unprotected C-steel has a rougher surface because it corrodes in an acidic environment. The C-steel surface following immersion in an acidic liquid containing 6 M HCl is depicted in Figure 10b. The C-steel surface's R_q, R_a, and P-V height values are 33.63, 27.94, and 33.37 nm, respectively. The R_q, R_a, and P-V compared to an uninhibited environment, height values are significantly lower in an inhibited environment. These parameters demonstrate the smoother surface due to the compact protective film of Fe²⁺- FHDB complex that forms on the metal surface and smooth its surface, and then prevents C-steel from corrosion.

Figure 10: AFM images of the surface of (a) C-steel immersed in 6M HCl (blank) and (b) C-steel immersed in 6M HCl + FHDB inhibitor

Weight Loss under Dynamic Conditions

We usually measure corrosion in the laboratory under the static conditions, which are accurate to a certain ratio. However, corrosion measurements under the static conditions are not expressive in the dynamic conditions such as corrosion in pipelines transporting fluids and gases. Therefore, dynamic methods are used, in which the corrosion coupons are subjected to dynamic conditions in addition to other conditions (such as temperature, pressure, etc.). These tests are carried out according to the standard (ASTM G-170, G-184, and G-202), and it is also possible to conduct tests under static conditions, at high temperatures and pressure.

The high-pressure and high-temperature dynamic corrosion measuring device, Dynamic Autoclave Device/CORTEST Company USA, (located in the Petroleum Research and Development Center) makes it easy to conduct experiments in very difficult conditions up to the conditions of the oil reservoir’s interior (the temperature up to 200ºC, pressure up to 100 bar, and movement up to 1500 rpm), as shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11: Experimental setup for corrosion test with and without FHDB under atmospheric pressure/variation temperatures and different concentrations

The Vessel is made from High Corrosion Resistant Alloy (HASTELLOY C-276) is a cylindrical chamber with a diameter of 12.7 cm, 5 inches, and height of 17.5 cm, 6.91 inches. Likewise, the volume of the chamber is (1.8 L).

The rotating shaft is made from HASTELLOY C-276, 30.15 cm, 11.87 inches in length, and the rotating cage consists of a couple of PTFE Disks with 10 cm, 4 inches diameter, both of the disks have 8 grooves to hold the test coupons. The coupon dimension is (75*19.0*3.0) mm (2.953*0.748*0.118) inches [28].

Relevance Rotating Cage Speed for Testing Inhibitors under Field Simulation

The Al-Ahdab oil field in Iraq as a case study. 20-30% HCl acid is used in the acidification phase of well stimulation operations to interact with rocks, dissolving them, and increasing their permeability.

In the field, the acidified injection rate per flash is = 0.43 m³/min. (0.0066 m³/sec) in a 2-inch diameter pipe (0.0508 m) at atmospheric pressure [29]. 

Assuming a point to rotating cage, the angular velocity of the rotating disk is defined by N expressed in rpm. The angular velocity of the disk can be converted into rad.s^-1 by the following Equation 8 [30]:

This also means that the disk rotates from ѡ radians during one second. During that same second, a distance of r*ѡ. It implies that the speed of injection is also equal to r *ѡ. The conversion can be done by the following Equations 9, 10:

The calculated rotating cage according to the flow rate simulated with acidizing in the field, as shown in Table 5.

Table 5: The calculated rotating cage according to the flow rate simulated with acidizing in the field

Corrosion inhibition experimental results

Corrosion experimental were conducted under moderate temperatures and concentrations of synthesized FHDB at atmospheric pressure. According to Figure 10, the experimental setup consists of (i) rotating motor, (ii) rotating disks, and (iii) HASTELLOY (C-276) autoclave chamber with 8 coupons (stripes) controlled by pressure and temperatures sensors.

The corrosion experiments were carried out in a (1.8) liter Hastelloy C-276 autoclave, the schematic experiments setup is demonstrated in Figure 10. 17%-18% (6M HCl) was used in these experiments with and without FHDB as an inhibitor for 1 hour (for each run) by dynamic conditions at 890 rpm calculated according to the field acid injection flow conditions, as presented in Table 6. Figure 12 indicates the schematic of the autoclave experiments setup.

Figure 12: Schematic of the autoclave experiments setup

The coupons were cleaned and weighed before being inserted into the device's rotating disk's slots and the rotating assembly was then installed in the device cell. When everything was ready for use, the 6M HCl (with and without FHDB) was added to be tested; temperature, pressure, rotating speed, and test duration adjustments are made. Once the test is complete, turn on the equipment, raise the coupons, clean, and reweigh them to determine the rate of corrosion using Equation 11 [31]:

Where,

K = constant value (3.45 * 10⁶).

W = weight difference (g).

A = surface area of areae the sample, cm².

T = exposure time in hours.

D = sample density in g/cm³.

Table 6 illustrates the corrosion rates and inhibition efficiency for FHDB under dynamic autoclave conditions at 890 rpm.

Table 6 demonstrates a significant corrosion resistance improvement due to the inhibitor injection. It is also evident the corrosion resistance improvement from 50 to 200 ppm inhibitor dose. To evaluate the inhibitor efficiency a control test was carried out without inhibitor (blank). Based on Weight loss result at dynamic condition, the corrosion resistance is more than twenty times higher when 50 to 200 ppm of inhibitor was injected at 40 ºC and more than thirty times higher when 50 to 200 ppm of inhibitor was injected at 70 ºC.

Table 6: The corrosion rates and inhibition efficiency for FHDB under dynamic autoclave conditions at 890 rpm

Conclusion

From the overall experimental results, the following conclusions can be deduced:

1) The findings of the current investigation shown that FHDB is an effective corrosion inhibitor for C-steel in a solution of 6 M hydrochloric acid.

2) The corrosion inhibition efficiency enhanced with increasing inhibitor concentrationn and decreased by raising the temperature.

3) According to the PDP measurements, FHDB functions as a mixed-type inhibitor, delaying both anodic and cathodic processes without altering the corrosion mechanism.

4) The FHDB adsorption on the C-steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

5) The highest corrosion protection efficiency is approximately 98.997% at 313 K and 200 mg/L concentration of FHDB.

6) Electrochemical measurement and the surface analysis showed good agreement.

7) The result showed clearly the FHDB inhibitor effect even at trace amounts at dynamic condition and the inhibition efficiency is more than 95% at different temperature.

Acknowledgements

I would like to extend my gratitude to the Faculty of Science / Mansoura University, in particular Prof. Dr. Abdel Aziz Fouda, as well as Prof. Dr. Dawood Salem Abd for their efforts and support in completing the scientific manuscript.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Authors' Contributions

All authors contributed to data analysis, drafting, and revising of the paper and agreed to be responsible for all the aspects of this work

ORCID

Zaidoun K. Kuraimid

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7727-5706

Abd El-Aziz S. Fouda

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3239-4417

Dawood S. Abid

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7346-8208

HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE

Zaidoun K. Kuraimid, Abd El-Aziz S. Fouda, Dawood S. Abid. Static and Dynamic Study of Novel 4-Formyl-N-Hexadecyl-N,N-Dimethylbenzenaminium Bromide Synthesized as a Corrosion Inhibitor Use in Petroleum Wells Acidizing Process. Chem. Methodol., 2023, 7(7) 552-568

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22034/CHEMM.2023.395919.1677

URL: https://www.chemmethod.com/article_172253.html