Chemical Methodologies
7.4 (Q1)
CiteScore2024
Q2
Web of Science

Design, Optimization, and Chemical Characterization of a Terbinafine Nanosponge-Based Nanogel Using a Factorial Methodological Approach

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Addanki Anusha
Annammadevi Govardhini Sayam

GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India

https://doi.org/10.48309/chemm.2026.564156.2062
Abstract
Terbinafine exhibits poor nail permeability, which limits its effectiveness against onychomycosis. To enhance topical delivery, a terbinafine nanosponge-loaded nanogel (TNG3-O) has been developed for sustained antifungal action. Pre-formulation studies validated drug purity and compatibility using FTIR and XRD analyses. A 3² factorial design improved the nanosponge formulation by using Eudragit RS100 and PVA. Nanosponges prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion were added to a Carbopol 940-based nanogel and tested for their physical and chemical properties, antimicrobial activity, and in vivo activity. The TNG3-O had a particle size of 177.2 nm, a zeta potential of –25.7 mV, and a drug loading of 67.5%. It had a pH of 5.71, a viscosity of 35,100 mPa.s, a spreadability of 36.5 g.cm/s, and a drug content of 93.12%, and it was stable. SEM confirmed that the nanosponges were spherical and evenly spread. TNG3-O created inhibition zones of 29 ± 0.00 mm (Candida albicans) and 30 ± 0.00 mm (Trichophyton rubrum), which was better than the marketed formulation. In vivo, TNG3-O significantly diminished fungal invasion and formation of subungual abscesses in infected guinea pigs. TNG3-O offers a stable and effective topical system with superior antifungal efficacy and is a promising approach for the management of onychomycosis.

Graphical Abstract

Design, Optimization, and Chemical Characterization of a Terbinafine Nanosponge-Based Nanogel Using a Factorial Methodological Approach

Keywords

Terbinafine
Nanosponge
Eudragit RS100
Topical antifungal
Onychomycosis
Trichophyton rubrum

Subjects

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Chemical Methodologies
Volume 10, Issue 5
May 2026
Pages 529-543

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  • Receive Date 04 November 2025
  • Revise Date 25 December 2025
  • Accept Date 22 January 2026

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