Chemical Methodologies

Abstract In this work, we synthesized a new ionic liquid ([C₈-Tropine].Cl) by combining tropine with 1-chlorooctane without the use of any solvent. Prepared ionic liquid was characterized utilizing Mass, TGA, CHN, FESEM, NMR, and FT-IR analysis techniques. Potential energy surfaces of different pathways and calculated energy barriers beside a few NMR chemical shifts were explored to determine the structure of the catalyst. According to the Curtin-Hammett principle, two different products can be obtained, named Min2a and Min2b, in a ratio of 0.26:1 which the structures of these products were determined by comparing the experimental and calculated NMR chemical shifts. The calculations were performed using the DFT (B3LYP) computational method with 6-31+G(d,p) and 6-311G(d,p) basis sets. The antibacterial activity of the catalyst was evaluated against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) using the agar well diffusion method. After the identification of the synthesized ionic liquid, it was utilized as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines, 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidines, bis-2-amino-4H-pyrane and spiro-2-amino-4H-pyran-oxyindole derivatives. These methods stand out for their convenient and uncomplicated catalyst preparation, minimal catalyst usage, straightforward work-up procedures, quick reaction times, and the ability to achieve good to high product yields under environmentally friendly conditions. Furthermore, the catalyst can be easily recovered and reused several times.

Abstract With the growing market in biodiesel production, the oversupply of byproduct, glycerol deflates its market value, encouraging innovation to the potential. Copious glycerol could be exploited as renewable feedstock for valuable chemical production such as 1,3-propanediol (PDO), 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3HP), and 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3HPA) via green processes. PDO is an attractive chemical that offers an ideal platform for polycondensation to numerous applications with high industrial interest in the bio-based chemical industry. Along with the commercialization of biotechnological PDO production, the researchers have focused on cost-efficiency in developing efficient microbial biological factory, bioprocess routes using alternative cheap substrates, and elimination of undesired byproducts. This review explores the natural PDO-producing and glycerol-assimilating microorganisms, discussing their associated genes and metabolic pathways. The challenges posed using industrial glycerol directly and the genetic and metabolic hurdles linked to the industrial application of these microbes are examined in this review. The review also explores the biotechnological strategies to tackle these challenges, including mutagenesis, metabolic and evolutionary engineering.

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the photocatalytic applications and the cytotoxicity effects of Ag-Se doped ZnO-Co₃O₄-NiO fivenary nanocomposite synthesized using polyanionic cellulose (PAC) polymer as a stabilizer agent. Several procedures such as XRD, FESEM, FTIR, EDX, PSA, and UV-Vis were applied to investigate synthesized nanocomposite. Consistent with the FTIR spectrum, chemical bonds were seen in the structure of the nanocomposite which approved the successful synthesis of them. The XRD pattern of the synthesized nanocomposite revealed sharp diffraction peaks with high crystallinity, and pure phases of Se, Ag, ZnO, NiO, and Co₃O₄ were approved with XRD analysis. FESEM/PSA images indicate that nanocomposite was synthesized with an average size of 23-49 nm and relatively uniformly distributed; in addition, it has a spherical morphology. The synthesized nanocomposite exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity to methyl orange (MO) dye degradation under a UVA light source. The degradation rate of nanocomposite reached 99% within 80 min. The kinetic studies indicate that the degradation of MO dye follows a first-order kinetic model. The cytotoxicity of the nanomaterial was assessed on normal mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 and cancer mouse melanoma B16F0 cell lines with the MTT assay. The results of the MTT test revealed significant cytotoxic influences on cancer B16F0 cells (IC₅₀ value = 258.5 µg/mL) in comparison to normal cells.

Abstract In this study, construction and characterization of a new inorganic-organic hybrid nanomaterial, and its usage as an efficacious catalyst for the solvent-free fabrication of 2-amino-4H-chromenes have been reported. The chromenes (10 examples) were procured in short reaction times (10-20 min) and high yields (89-98%) through the one-pot multi-component reaction of malononitrile, 1-naphthol and aryl aldehydes. The nanocatalyst was reusable for two times without significant loss of its activity. Characterization of the nanomaterial titled [SiO₂@Si(CH₂)₃-(4,4′-bipyridine)-1,1ʹ-diium][FeCl₄][H₂PO₄] (SCBFH) was done by analyses such as elemental mapping, XRD (X-ray diffraction), FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), Raman, FE-SEM (field-emission scanning electron microscopy), TG (thermogravimetric), and EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy).