Chemical Methodologies

Abstract In this research, 5-Styryli-2-amino-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole [C₁] was prepared from the reaction of acid 3-phenyl propenoic acid with thiosemicarbazide. Amic acids [C₂-C₅] were synthesized by reactive compound [C₁] with different types of hydrides, then [C₂, C₄] were treated with AC₂O in the presence of NaOAC as a catalyst giving Imide compounds [C₆, C₇]. The structure of the new derivatives was confirmed via FT-IR spectroscopy, some of which were confirmed via 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Three of these new derivatives were evaluated by their Esherichiacoli, Staphylococcus, and Rhizopus emporium.

Abstract The determination of Cefotaxime sodium pure from and pharmaceuticals (tablets) by continuous flow injection scatter light has been created using a new, simple, rapid, and sensitive approach. Using a handmade ISNAG-FIuorimeter, the technique was predicated on the interaction of Cefotaxime sodium with vanadium oxide sulfate to produce a precipitate. The optimal value had a linear dynamic range of 0.01-20 mmoI/L for the instrument response to Cefotaxime sodium concentration, while the L.O.D was 0.334 g /sample from the stepwise dilution for the lowest concentration in the calibration graph's scatter plot range. For the scatter plot range and the linear dynamic range, the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.9769 and 0.9978, respectively, while percentage linearity (R²% percent) was 95.43 percent and 99.56 percent, respectively. With a concentration of 2.5 mmol/L, the RSD percent for repeatability (n=8) was lower than 0.23% percent for the determination of cefotaxime sodium. The proposed method was effectively used to determine the concentration of cefotaxime sodium in pharmaceutical tablets. The newly developed technique was compared with the conventional methods of analysis, i.e., Turbidemtric method and UV-spectrophotometer method, utilizing the usual addition method and paired t-test. The computed t-value at 95 percent confidence interval from the established approach revealed that there was no significant difference between the quoted figures of any individual firm.

Abstract In this work, new complexes of some lanthanide ions metals, such as (La⁺³, Nd⁺³, Er⁺³, Gd⁺³and Dy⁺³) with Schiff bases that derived from the antipyrine compound were synthesized. This ligand can be synthesized from condensation dimedone with 4-aminoanitpyrine in microwave irradiation and were identified using (FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectroscopy, CHNO analysis, LC-mass, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and TGA analysis). The complexes were characterized by FT-IR, UV-Visible, CHNO analysis, conductivity measurement, magnetic susceptibility, and theromgravimatric analysis. From stoichiometry of metal to ligand and all measurements was proposed formula of complexes and a molar ratio (2-2) (metal – ligand) to give the. The bioactivity of the prepared (L) and its complexes were assessed using antibacterial activity, and the results revealed significant activity against some fungi and bacteria.

Abstract Phenols are important natural compounds with antioxidant and other biological properties. Phenolic compounds have great advantages in food, chemistries, pharmaceutical and medical industries. Previous studies revealed that many phenolic compounds effectively scavenge hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals and prevent fats oxidation. The aim of this study was to optimize the laboratory different conditions including salinity (1, 3 and 5 M), light intensity (35, 127.5 and 220 μmol) and nitrogen source (200, 500 and 800 mmol/l) on the phenolic content of the algae. Therefore, 15 treatments were designed according to the Box-Behnken response surface methodology in 16 mini tabs. The results showed that laboratory different conditions (salinity, light intensity, and nitrogen content) had significant effect on the number of phenolic compounds in Donaliella salina. The highest amount of phenol, 0.43 gallic acid/g, was obtained at light intensity of 220 μmol photon, salinity of 3 M and nitrate concentration of 200 μmol/L. By optimizing the culture medium of Dunaliella salina, optimal light radiation conditions of 178 μmol photon, salinity of 3.26 M and nitrogen concentration of 327 μmol/L the number of phenolic compounds could be increased (0.46 mg gallic acid/g).

Abstract Despite phenobarbital having been used in various medical fields as hypnotics, anxiolytics, and anticonvulsants, it also contains active functional groups that can form dyes, polymers, antimicrobial, and anti-antioxidants agents. A series of barbituric acid derivatives containing 1,2,3,4-tetrazoline moiety were synthesized from phenobarbital. Phenobarbital 1 as raw starting material was reacted with acrylonitrile compound to give diacetonitrile derivative 2, this compound was treated in two ways, urea and thiourea to form barbituric acid derivatives containing oxadiazole and thiadiazole ring 3, 4 respectively. The Schiff bases derivatives 5, 6(a-c) were synthesized from reacting the latter compounds with three aromatic aldehydes. In the final step, the barbituric acid derivatives containing 1,2,3,4-tetrazoline moiety 7, 8_(a-c) were prepared by cycloaddition reaction between different Schiff bases derivatives and sodium azide. The synthesized compounds were characterized using melting point, ¹³C-NMR, ¹H-NMR and FTIR techniques. The compounds were also tested against two kinds of bacteria and two kinds of fungi. Most of the prepared derivatives revealed a high and clear effect against different types of bacteria and fungi. Molecular docking of final barbituric acid derivatives 7, 8_{(a, b)} were investigated using Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD).

Abstract This study discusses the preparation of new series of tetra-dentate complexes Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Cr (III) complexes with Schiff base (ligand tetradentate) derived from isatin with 2-aminobenzohydrazide, characterized by IR spectroscopy, mass spectra, UV-Vis, ¹H-NMR and elemental microanalysis. The complexes Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Cr (III) were characterized using IR spectroscopy, UVVis, magnetic susceptibility, conductive, elemental microanalysis and metal analysis by atomic absorption. The proposed structures of complexes from the all measurements showed that Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Cr (III) have octahedral shape and Cu (II) has square planer shape. Bioactivity of the Schiff base and complexes were assessed examined with antibacterial activity. Studies were conducted to assess the growth-inhibiting potential of the complexes synthesized, and the ligands, against various bacterial strains.

Abstract Many bioremediation strategies have been developed to help improve soil clearance from oil and its derivatives. The use of native bacteria to decompose crude oil-contaminated soils has been studied by many researchers. Along with this line of research, in the present study, a consortium of bacteria isolated from three different soil types in the Khuzestan region was used after identification. Finally, the optimal conditions for bioremediation of each soil type were determined. The results showed that the isolated strains were five unique strains, including Cupriavidus metal lidurans, Bacillus pacificus, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Brevibacillus borstelensis, and Ralstonia metallidurans. These had good growth potential in contaminated soils and could effectively reduce TPH. Among the factors examined, the amount of moisture and nitrogen were two essential factors that reduce the amount of TPH. In optimal conditions, the moisture percentage was 135, 147, and 142, and the input nitrogen was 512 ppm, 513 ppm, and 617 ppm, for three types of soil, in Andimeshk, Ahvaz, and Abadan, respectively. NH₄NO_3, as the best source of nitrogen, had the best performance. In confirmatory experiments with 2.5% crude oil in optimal conditions, the rate of TPH reduction after 56 days was 48.4%, 53.4% and 56.4% for Abadan, Ahvaz, and Andimeshk soils, respectively. This study confirms the efficiency of native bacteria isolated from the soils of Khuzestan province for biodegradation of crude oil and introduces Bacillus pacificus bacteria as a new species that can bioremediation.

Abstract In this work new thiosemicarbazide derivatives were synthesized to obtain the intermediate of thiosemcarbazone compounds (1-5) by thiosemicarbazide reaction with several aromatic aldehydes, following treatment of compounds (1-5) with 2-chloroethanoic acid with sodium acetate, a series of compounds (6-8) was prepared. There were 1,3-oxazepine-4,7-dione derivatives compounds (9,10) with phthalic anhydride. By heating thiosemicarbazide with carbon disulfide and anhydrous sodium carbonate in absolute ethanol, 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-thiol compound (11) was prepared. The azomethines synthesized by reaction of compound (11) with aromatic aldehyde compounds (12-14), then processed to obtain mercaptoacetic acid as compounds (15-17). The compound (18) was made with ethylchloroacetate from the cyclization thiosemcarbazone compound (2) in the presence of fused sodium acetate. The reaction of compound (11) with chloroacetylchloride produced compound (19) then treated with urea to obtained compound (20) followed by 4- phenyl phenacyl bromide to prepare compound (21). The characterization outcomes for the prepared compounds verified their chemical structures using IR spectroscopy, NMR, and melting points.